The results of the investigations of both teams, announced by the journal Nature, are an important step in the search for safe treatments for the replacement of damaged tissue of any part of the body.

Properly handled by the scientists, skin cells take on the properties of stem cells from embryos normally so they can become any tissue in the body.

Previously it was only possible to create these induced pluripotent stem cells (initials in English: iPS) using viruses to insert four genes that perform the reprogramming.

But the modified virus DNA in the cells so that increased the risk of cancer, so the technique was too risky for use in human patients.

Another danger that existed was that the changes caused by genes would lead to developmental abnormalities.

But now, scientists have managed to avoid the use of viruses and remove genes once they have fulfilled their task.

British and Canadian teams were able to insert four genes into a single segment of DNA to carry out the necessary reprogramming and then removed before they could cause damage.

The technique, described in the Internet version of Nature, was carried out both in skin cells in people as laboratory mice.

Tests carried out indicate that the reprogrammed cells behave exactly like stem cells from embryos.

This allows scientists to think more seriously about the possibility of using this type of pluripotent cells to replace tissue in people suffering from diseases or as yet incurable.

These cells may eventually become brain cells, insulin-producing pancreatic cells in bone or cartilage, heart muscle or other tissue of the human body.

Coming from the cells of the patient’s own skin would be resolved step the problem of rejection.

The cells are much more versatile embryonic stem cells “adult”, which have limited application.

The two teams who have collaborated in this work are one of the Center for Regenerative Medicine at Edinburgh University, led by Keisuke Kaji, and a Canadian University of Toronto, led by Andras Nagy.

“This new method will advance the field of regenerative medicine and will help us to understand many diseases and to test new drugs,” said Dr. Kaji.

“It has taken a step toward the practical use of reprogrammed cells in medicine, perhaps eliminating the need to use human embryos to obtain stem cells,” added the expert.

The four genes needed to create the iPS cells are c-Myc, Klf4, Oct4 yXox.

As soon as these genes reprogrammed cells, the scientists removed before they could cause interference with other genes.

This problem is solved in turn Canadian scientists led by Dr. Nagy, who managed to remove genes without a trace.

The director of the Center for Regenerative Medicine of Medical Research Council UK, Ian Wilmut, warned that it will pass some time before they can be given to patients with the iPS cells, they need to develop a method capable of generating different types of cells from the skin.

The vaccine works by “wrapping” to cocaine so that it does not have effects on the brain, heart or other organ “,” This is the first successful controlled trial of a vaccine against cocaine, say scientists.

According to previous studies conducted on animals and humans, high levels of anti-cocaine antibodies in the blood can prevent addicts experience that feeling.

However, the researchers stressed that the vaccine who managed high antibody level, only maintained it for two months, so it would need repeat injections.

According to the researchers, the effects of high antibody levels began to be seen until the eighth week of the test. Taking into account that on average, a patient comes to treatment after six to eight years of drug abuse, may be needed two years of vaccines, scientists say.

In the study, enrolled 115 individuals dependent on cocaine and opioids (like morphine or heroin) and were randomly selected to receive five injections of the active vaccine or five injections of a dummy treatment for 12 weeks.

Of the 55 individuals who completed the trial, 21 (38%) achieved antibody levels of 43 micrograms per milliliter or more. Those who obtained this level of antibodies were significantly more urine samples clean of cocaine (45%) between weeks nine and 16 of the study than those with lower levels of antibodies and those receiving placebo treatments.

As the researchers note, the proportion of participants who were able to reduce cocaine use in half was significantly higher among those who received the active vaccine (53%) compared with the placebo group (23%).

Scientists say that the adverse impacts associated with the vaccine were mild to moderate pain.
The symptom that most often complained about the participants was hardening and pain at the injection site.

According to EurekAlert website, a research presented at the Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Sweden, found that more than 5% of people who underwent screening test are allergic to linalool oxide.

“Approximately 2% of the total population of Sweden is allergic to linalool oxide,” says Brar Johanna Christensson dermatologist, author of the study.

This may not make much sense, but it is something serious because linalool oxide is widely used as fragrance ingredients. Specifically found in 60% -80% of hygiene products scented liquid soaps and cleaning products for home, and may be hard for people who are allergic to avoid these products explains the expert.

One in five people in Sweden have some kind of contact allergy, nickel being the most common substance that causes eczema, but new research shows that linalool oxide ranks third in the list, then cobalt.

This component is present in many commonly used products and this is probably the reason why a contact allergy is so common this material, “but we know that risk increases as the exposure to the substance increases,” concludes Brar Christensson.

The Brazilian government authorized the dispatch of samples of bone marrow stem cells and blood abroad to be used for transplants, which allow the country to collaborate with networks of international donors, officials said.
Stem cells must belong to people involved in the Brazilian Registry Bone Marrow Donors Volunteers (Redoma), as stated in the decree that was published in the Official Journal of the Union.

Samples can be sent both bone marrow and blood, and umbilical cord blood or placenta.

The responsibility for the necessary legal formalities for the shipment will be borne by the Secretariat of Health Care, while the National Cancer Institute is responsible for managing the paperwork required for the efficient registration of donors.

In May last year, the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court ruled in favor of using embryonic stem cell research, a decision which relaunched the studio with this biological material, paralyzed since 2005 by the action brought by the dome of the Brazilian Catholic Church.

Following this decision, researchers at the University of Sao Paulo (USP) in September produced the first human stem cells from embryos that have been obtained in Brazil, with several years of delay in relation to other countries due to delays in obtaining you legal permission to investigate.

Scientists at the Institute of Biosciences of USP used 35 embryos that had been donated and frozen in fertility clinics in vitro.

After several failed attempts, managed to increase the cells obtained from embryos and found that they have the ability to transform into any type of tissue cell, which offers hopes for the regeneration of organs and to treat patients with disabilities.

With this invention seeks to reduce the incidence of skin cancer. “The software determines the maximum recommended exposure to solar UV radiation, including the use of protective creams for people with different skin types displayed at any time and day of the year,” he told EFE Ruben Piacentini, director of Institute of Physics of the Argentina’s Rosario city (IFIR), which developed the project.

According to Argentine newspaper Infobae, the system can be installed on any computer and was created with the collaboration of researchers from the University of Innsbruck, Austria, Argentina and the Foundation Skin Cancer.

How to use

For information, the user must enter your skin type, the kind of surface you are (sand, water or cement), time of day and geographic location in which you, as the height or snow can increase the risk of radiation by 60 percent.
Sunbathing die trying

The software was designed to calculate the data anywhere in Argentina, although “you can develop a similar application for another country or region, with the right information,” says Piacentini.

In fact, IFIR has already started negotiations with regional governments and organizations in Ecuador and Brazil to implement the program called UVARG (software for predicting sun exposure in Argentina).

Advantage

“The software allows us to know instantly and in real time the danger of ultraviolet radiation, but also can be predicted months in advance what will be the risk, making it a useful tool to plan vacations to any destination” said the scientist.

Another use would be for employees who perform abroad, because the system tells them what protections they should take.

The system also alerts “on special situations such as the development of the ozone hole or about significant changes in the average value of this layer in future years,” says Piacentini.

The scientists who developed this software tool say that if people respect the times suggested sun exposure reduces the risk of diseases like skin cancer.

Today this evil is the most common cancers and the number of cases is growing at a rate of 5 percent annually, according to international statistics.

Meanwhile, in Argentina each year 600 people die from the disease and are detected 1400 new cases, according to the Sociedad Argentina de Dermatología (SAD).

Special Features

1. Are clinically measurable or quantifiable, because the stimuli that cause so are to play in the diagnosis.

2. They tend to be immediate (onset in minutes) and short (after an hour tend to disappear). As an exception we delayed pressure urticaria.

3. In the majority of cases are located at the site of stimulation.

4. They tend to be reproducible challenge test clinically well defined, which makes diagnosis and control. Physical Urticaria

5. They usually affect young adults, with a preference for females.

6. Manifest no obvious triggers v tend to resolve spontaneously over time, except in family forms (very rare).

7. The etiology or cause is unknown, although some associations with other diseases. There is a higher incidence of family or personal atopy. Some have a genetic basis or relative, the majority of autosomal dominant transmission.

8. Among them are associated with some frequency, and also with other types of urticaria.

9. Angioedema may occur in cold urticaria, pressure, vibration and more rarely, cholinergic.

10. With light stimuli presented clinical Mild itching or erythema isolated.

Physical Treatment of Hives

Generally should be avoided triggering mechanisms.

As drug treatment used second-generation antihistamines (Loratadine Cetirizina.. Ebastine. Mizolastine. Fexofenadine), if no improvement is through the first generation such as hydroxyzine, or an antidepressant effect in urticaria as doxepin is.

A severe burn can be life threatening and requires immediate medical attention. The severity of the burn depends on the temperature of the medium that caused and duration of exposure. They are primarily skin lesions, but sometimes affects other organs like lungs, heart, kidneys, etc.

The severity of burns is determined by five factors:

Depth of burn: 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade.
Extent of burn: Percentage of body area affected.
Condition critical regions: Hands, feet, face and genitals.
Patient age: Under 2 years old or very old.
Overall health of the individual.

Causes. What causes it and how is it produced?

Physical agents
Burns and his Treatment

Solid hot irons, stoves.
Boiling liquids: water, oil, coffee, etc..
Cold: Exposure to extremely low temperatures, local ice unprotected intermediate cooling sprays misused.
Fire, flames directly or solid waste.
Chemical
Gasoline and oil in general.
Acids: hydrochloric, sulfuric etc.
Alkali: Caustic soda, lime or carbide.
Electrical Agents
Electric shocks at different voltages: Cables, electrical appliances, plugs without protection, lightning.
Radioactive agents: solar rays, X rays, infrared radiation.

Burns may be first, second or third degree according to the layers of skin and depth of the damaged tissues.

Is considered first-degree burn that hurts the most superficial layer of the skin. The burn is usually caused by excessive exposure to sunlight. Symptoms include skin redness or erythema, dry skin, intense burning pain, swelling and tenderness discrete affected area.

The second-degree burns are those in which the superficial and intermediate layers of skin are injured. The characteristic symptom is the appearance of blisters. There is intense pain and swelling of the inflamed area.

In third-degree burns are affected all layers of the skin and underlying tissues such as muscles, nerves, tendons and blood vessels may reach the bone. This type of burn is caused by prolonged contact with heat, electricity or caustic elements. The appearance of the skin is stiff in these cases, completely dry and there is pain due to the destruction of the nerve endings. It always requires medical attention early, but the injury is not very extensive.

Apart from this classification are considered serious burns all those who:

Make breathing difficult.
Those located in the head, neck, hands, feet or genitals.
Those that affect children under 2 years or older.
All injuries that include third grade.
Those that affect more than 15% body surface area.
Those that are associated with major trauma.

Any severe burn can be fatal, this requires medical attention as soon as possible.

Treatment

First we have to reassure the victim and her family. Assess the type and severity of burn. You have to cool the burned area for several minutes. It can be done by applying a saline solution or cold water (not ice) on the injury. Do not use ice to cool the burned area or apply creams or ointments because they may interfere with subsequent measurement, and medical treatment. Cover the burned area with a bandage or a moist saline solution or cold water clean and secure with a bandage to prevent contamination of the injury.

If they occur in hands or feet, put gauze between the fingers before putting the band. If a victim is conscious and complained of pain is an analgesic and plenty of fluids (oral rehydration salts if possible, to replace losses of water and electrolytes). In any case the patient was transferred to a hospital. When the burns are serious, the victim is unconscious, not breathing and no pulse is to start CPR immediately and seek urgent medical help.

Already at the medical center will be held the general treatment with analgesia and sedation if necessary, referral to an intravenous intake of fluids and electrolytes needed and local treatment of burn consisting of the washing, shaving areas Hairy (with hair), dried with sterile dressings and surgical resection of blisters and necrotic tissues. Once this is decided what type of treatment applied, cure or occlusive exposed.

During the first 72 hours is necessary to monitor vital signs (pulse, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory function), water balance (revenues of fluids and urine output) and perform some additional tests such as hematocrit (red blood cells), protein (protein ), electrolytes (ions), chest radiograph and electrocardiogram.

Prognosis and complications

The prognosis of burns depends on the location and degree of the same, the extent of body surface affected and the existence of aggravating factors such as age, associated injuries and comorbid diseases such as diabetes, kidney failure, AIDS or other immunosuppressive diseases (which reduce the defenses). The most common complication of burns are localized or generalized infection.

It is also common to stress that there is a scaly process, something that, in both cases, “ends when we eliminate that stress,” hence it happens that while recommending “care for the scalp as possible,” said Oliver .

Therefore, and given that we live in a time of stress and “concern for fear of losing their jobs, being unable to pay the mortgage, to be left without a home,” said this expert in the field has been observed in capillary recent months an increase in inquiries related to this issue in order to find a solution.

Alopecia areata stress

Psychosomatic disorders are physical illnesses caused, exacerbated or reactivated by psychological factors.

José Luis González de Rivera, head of the Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine of the Fundación Jiménez Díaz, says passengers are usually disorders as resulting from stress “situation”, transitory, the result of the requirement of a particular time .

Alopecia areata (by area) is an immune disorder causing temporary hair loss.

Another severe hair loss, telogen effluvium, which is subdivided into several subtypes, and that is not caused by “plaques”, as it normally does areata, but is diffuse and sudden onset.

Both small bald as a hair suddenly becomes sparse, where the dermatologist’s diagnosis discard a biological origin, they share the category of psychosomatic illnesses and may have to do with stress.

The vaccine works by “wrapping” to cocaine so that it has no effects on the brain, heart or other organ, “” this is the first successful controlled trial for a vaccine against cocaine, say scientists.

According to previous studies conducted with animals and humans, high levels of anti-cocaine antibodies in the blood can prevent addicts experience that feeling.

However, the researchers stressed that the vaccine who managed the high level of antibodies, only maintained it for two months, so it would need repeat injections.

According to the researchers, the effects of high antibody levels began to be seen until the eighth week of the test. Taking into account that on average, a patient comes to treatment after six to eight years of drug abuse, may be needed two years of vaccines, scientists say.

In the study, enrolled 115 individuals dependent on cocaine and opioids (like morphine or heroin) and were randomly selected to receive five injections of the active vaccine or five injections of a dummy treatment for 12 weeks.

Of the 55 individuals who completed the trial, 21 (38%) achieved antibody levels of 43 micrograms per milliliter or more. Those who obtained this level of antibodies were significantly more urine samples clean of cocaine (45%) between weeks nine and 16 of the study than those with lower levels of antibodies and those receiving placebo treatments.

As the researchers note, the proportion of participants who were able to reduce cocaine use in half was significantly higher among those who received the active vaccine (53%) compared with the placebo group (23%).

Scientists say that the adverse effects associated with the vaccine were mild to moderate.
The symptom that most often complained about the participants was hardening and pain at the injection site.

Anxiety and stress are disorders that involve a huge social burden in terms of disability and social costs. It is estimated that between 25 and 40 percent of the population has an episode of anxiety over his life.

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorder among the general population. Anxiety and stress appear as two sides of same coin. “The anxiety is the psychological aspect of stress and this is the somatic aspect, the biological side, anxiety,” says José Luis Carrasco, section chief of the Psychiatry and Director of the Unit Personality Disorders Clinical Hospital San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.

“Normally, anxiety and / or stress allow the individual to interact with their environment, but when they become pathological can be generated in the individual suffering, disability to cope with everyday life and an increased risk of suicide and fall into addiction . In this sense, stress and anxiety related to family and work are most concerned about, “Carrasco points.

In the words of the expert, “anxiety disorders involve a huge social burden in terms of disability and social costs due to, among other factors that usually appear early (in adolescence) are very persistent, cause much suffering, require significant assistance partner -health cause frequent sick leave, etc. “.

This issue ties in with one of the greatest concerns of our time: the crisis. José Luis Carrasco believes that “the crisis syndrome affects all branches of medicine, since after several underlying symptoms of anxiety and distress, whose origin is the uncertainty about the future.”

The specialist distinguishes between “two types of conditions. On the one hand the individual who has not lost his job and is in a more normal situation, the main problems are dizziness, headaches, lack of sleep or appetite and pain. On the other hand, are those directly affected by the crisis, either because they have lost their jobs or because they are in a critical situation. In this case there is a basis of hopelessness that leads to symptoms of depression, discouragement, tiredness or lack of interest. “